Jimmy takes two as England take control in Ashes first test
Stuart Broad got the headlines with five wickets as Australia closed on 273-8, having been reduced to 132-6.
A seventh-wicket partnership worth 114 between Brad Haddin and Mitchell Johnson dragged Australia back into contention, but they ended the day very much on the back foot at the Gabba.
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Hide AdBroad took the first four wickets to fall, as he claimed 5-65 from 20 overs, while Anderson was typically metronomic, taking 2-61 off 22.
Chris Tremlett took the other wicket to fall.
Anderson took the fifth wicket as he forced debutant George Bailey to edge a delivery that moved away for three, and he claimed the last scalp of the day when inducing a nick from Peter Siddle for seven to leave England well in command.